The Diary Of John |
What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy? - Gandhi |
Friday, November 25, 2005
Warzone.. Gunshot wounds 'endemic' in Rio de Janeiro Undeclared war between authorities and drug dealers "Emergency room restricted due to overcrowding (risk of death)" is handwritten on a sign in huge letters on the door of the emergency room at Bonsucesso General Hospital in this teeming city. On a hot Friday night on Rio's sprawling north side, where the heat radiates from the pavement even after sunset, the hospital, known as HGB, starts to boil, too. "HGB is an international reference when it comes to gunshot treatment," Dr. Flavio Sa, in charge of registering the incoming gunshot patients, said with a mixture of pride and perplexity. "In the last four years, the increase in gunshot wounds has been significant, and today ... it is an endemic problem in the hospital." At 8:40 p.m. this day, there were already four bullet wound victims in emergency. Four minutes later, another arrived. Among them was a police officer, Marco Antonio dos Santos, 34. According to his police comrades, Santos and his partner, Edson Stocco, 36, were on a police call when they were attacked by bandits. Santos was hit in the eye by a bullet and by shrapnel from a grenade. His eye cannot be saved. "This is getting worse than Afghanistan," said a female police officer who asked not to be identified because of the undeclared war in the city between drug dealers and police. Brazil has the world's highest death toll from firearms. With 100 million fewer citizens than the United States, it has 25 percent more gun deaths, at about 36,000 a year. Gun deaths are such a problem that the nation held a referendum Oct. 23 on a proposal to ban the sale of firearms and ammunition to anyone other than for police, the military, security guards, gun collectors and hunters. The proposal was defeated -- 64 percent of voters opposed it -- but the plan's supporters said the result reflected Brazilians' fears for their personal security. "The Yes voters know that having firearms means danger rather than protection. ... The No voters think possession of a gun is an individual right and a need, since the government does not provide effective security," said Antonio Rangel, a sociologist and the arms control coordinator for the nongovernmental organization Viva Rio. The homicide rate in Rio rivals even that of war zones. A UNESCO study published this year found that the 325,551 deaths from firearms from 1993 to 2003 amounted to more than in 26 armed conflicts, including the first Gulf War and the first and second Palestinian uprisings. "Unfortunately, Brazil is world champion in firearm homicides," said Brazil Senate President Renan Calheiros, the driving force behind the firearms referendum. Bonsucesso hospital is surrounded by 24 slums, known unofficially as "the Gaza Strip," where shootouts are marked by indiscriminate gunfire between rival drug gangs and the police. In 2004, HGB registered 352 cases of firearm victims and 82 dead-on-arrival cases, and the true numbers are probably higher because many never make it to the hospital. With military efficiency, patients are sorted and labeled according to the seriousness of their wounds: PAF (firearm victim), ENTRADA (entry) and JA CADAVER (already dead). If an urgent case arrives, others simply have to wait. The area around the hospital is so dangerous that doctors work in 24-hour shifts instead of the customary 12 to avoid coming and going at night. A handful of projectiles pulled from the walls of the hospital testifies to the reality of the danger. Most of the gun wounds treated are from high-caliber assault weapons, which only the armed forces are permitted to use in Brazil. The only protection from that kind of weapon is a 30-pound, level-4 bulletproof vest, the kind in use by the U.S. military in Iraq. Typical dress in the slums is flip-flops, shorts and no shirt. Sa, by now an expert on bullets, explained the difference between the most common wounds from revolvers and assault weapons. "The bullets from a revolver are bigger and go 260 meters per second," he said. "Assault weapon bullets are smaller but go 800 meters per second and cause much greater damage. High-speed projectiles cause more damage because of their kinetic energy. The hole is bigger, so patients can lose entire body parts.'' Young people from 15 to 24 are at the most risk. According to the UNESCO study, an estimated 550,000 people were victims of firearms from 1979 to 2003. Of those, 205,722 (44.1 percent) were between 15 and 24. Firearms are the third leading cause of death in the country, behind heart disease and cerebrovascular diseases, the study says. For young people, they are No. 1. In those 24 years, firearms victims increased by 462 percent, while the population grew 52 percent. Deaths by firearms have declined only once in the past 25 years, dropping 8.4 percent in 2004, during a "Lay Down Your Arms" campaign in which more than a half million firearms were turned in for $30 apiece. At Bonsucesso hospital, the struggle for life spilled from the stretcher to the floor of the emergency room into red pools littered with gauze, cotton, plastic tubes and syringes. It looked like a battle scene. Bruno Custodio, 19, was hit by a stray bullet during a shootout between drug traffickers and police, who went to the nearby slum of Manguinhos seeking revenge for the attack on a police patrol. The other victims were residents of the slum, or simply passing nearby, such as bus driver Joao Carlos Ramos, 52, who was grazed in the left thigh by a bullet but still stopped to help Monica Morais, 36, and Marcelo Mendonca de Souza, 36. Morais was hit in the stomach and Souza in his left arm. As drips from their blood-soaked clothes stained the ground outside, they were carried inside. They would live, but Bruno Custodio was not so fortunate. He died a half-hour after he was admitted. The Bonsucesso hospital made headlines in May 2001 when the comrades of drug trafficker Marcio Greick broke him out of the facility in a hail of gunfire. Greick, 21, had been injured in a police chase and was handcuffed to his bed. In a lightning raid, 10 masked men armed with assault rifles and police-issue bulletproof vests entered the hospital, shot his handcuffs off and pulled him from the fourth floor to a getaway car waiting outside. On their way out, the rescue squad shot dozens of people waiting for treatment. Seven were injured, two guards were beaten, and one police officer on duty at the hospital was killed. The 16 armed hospital guards, a detective and three police officers assigned to Geick were not enough to stop the drug gang. "It was a war operation," said the director of the hospital at the time, Dr. Victor Grabois. The urban guerrilla warfare takes its toll on the medical staff and the country. "This (violence) spends a huge amount of money," said Dr. Marcelo Castro. "Those who are shot and have lasting injuries place an undue burden on the system, which can hardly treat the sick and injured anyway." Sa is more sanguine. It's not really like practicing medicine in wartime, he said, "because here there are no huge explosions, except for the occasional grenade." On the other hand, he added, "I've had days when I was operating on a patient and suddenly look out the window to see a police helicopter with cops hanging out of it shooting down below." |
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